thảo luận Practicing English with vOzers

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In an economy with credit, we can follow the transactions and see how credit creates growth. Let
me give you an example: Suppose you earn $100,000 a year and have no debt. You are creditworthy enough to borrow $10,000, say, on a credit card. So you can spend $110,000 even though you only earn $100,000.
Since your spending is another person’s income, someone is earning $110,000. The person earning $110,000 with no debt can borrow $11,000, so he can spend $121,000 even though he has only earned $110,000. His spending is another person’s income and by following the transactions we can begin to see how this process works in a self-reinforcing pattern.
But remember, borrowing creates cycles and if the cycle goes up, it eventually needs to come
down. This leads us into the Short Term Debt Cycle.
As economic activity increases, we see an expansion – the first phase of the short term debt cycle. Spending continues to increase and prices start to
rise. This happens because the increase in spending is fueled by credit which can be created instantly out of thin air.
When the amount of spending and incomes grow faster than the production of goods: prices rise. When prices rise, we call this inflation.
The Central Bank doesn’t want too much inflation because it causes problems. Seeing prices rise, it raises interest rates. With higher interest rates, fewer people can afford to borrow money. And
the cost of existing debts rises. Think about this as the monthly payments on your credit card
going up. Because people borrow less and have higher debt repayments, they have less money
leftover to spend, so spending slows…and since one person’s spending is another person’s income, incomes drop…and so on and so forth.
When people spend less, prices go down. We call this deflation. Economic activity decreases and we have a recession. If the recession becomes too severe and inflation is no longer a problem, the central bank will lower interest rates to cause everything to pick up again. With low interest
rates, debt repayments are reduced and borrowing and spending pick up and we see another
expansion.
As you can see, the economy works like a machine. In the short term debt cycle, spending is constrained only by the willingness of lenders and
borrowers to provide and receive credit. When credit is easily available, there’s an economic
expansion. When credit isn’t easily available, there’s a recession. And note that this cycle is
controlled primarily by the central bank.
The short term debt cycle typically lasts 5 to 8 years and happens over and over again for decades.
But notice that the bottom and top of each cycle finish with more growth than the previous cycle and with more debt. Why? Because people push it, they have an inclination to borrow and spend more instead of paying back debt. It’s human nature. Because of this, over
long periods of time, debts rise faster than incomes creating the Long Term Debt Cycle.
Despite people becoming more indebted, lenders even more freely extend credit. Why? Because everyone thinks things are going great! People are just focused on what’s been happening lately.
And what has been happening lately? Incomes have been rising! Asset values are going up! The stock market roars! It’s a boom! It pays to buy goods, services, and financial assets with
borrowed money! When people do a lot of that, we call it a bubble. So even though debts have been growing, incomes have been growing nearly as fast to offset
them. Let’s call the ratio of debt-to-income the debt burden.
So long as incomes continue to rise, the debt burden stays manageable. At the same time asset values soar. People borrow huge
amounts of money to buy assets as investments causing their prices to rise even higher. People
feel wealthy.
 
So even with the accumulation of lots of debt, rising incomes and asset values help borrowers
remain creditworthy for a long time. But this obviously cannot continue forever. And it doesn’t.
Over decades, debt burdens slowly increase creating larger and larger debt repayments. At some point, debt repayments start growing faster than incomes forcing people to cut back on their
spending. And since one person’s spending is another person’s income, incomes begin to go down…which makes people less creditworthy causing borrowing to go down.
Debt repayments continue to rise which makes spending drop even further… and the cycle
reverses itself. This is the long term debt peak. Debt burdens have simply become too big.
For the United States, Europe and much of the rest of the world this happened in 2008. It happened for the same reason it happened in Japan in 1989 and in the United States back in 1929. Now the economy begins Deleveraging.
Ina deleveraging, people cut spending, incomes fall, credit disappears, assets prices drop, banks get squeezed,the stock market crashes, social tensions rise and the whole thing starts to feed on itself the other way. As incomes fall and debt repayments rise, borrowers get squeezed.No longer creditworthy, credit dries up and borrowers can no longer borrow enough money to make their debt repayments. Scrambling to fill this hole,
borrowers are forced to sell assets.The rush to sell assets floods the market, at the same time
spending falls. This is when the stock market collapses,the real estate market tanks and banks
get into trouble. As asset prices drop,the value of the collateral borrowers can put up drops. This makes borrowers even less creditworthy. People feel poor. Credit rapidly disappears. Less spending › less income › less wealth › less credit › less borrowing and so on. It’s a vicious cycle.This
appears similar to a recession but the difference here is that interest rates can’t be lowered to save the day.
In a recession, lowering interest rates works to stimulate borrowing. However, in a deleveraging, lowering interest rates doesn’t work because interest rates are already low and
soon hit 0% – so the stimulation ends. Interest rates in the United States hit 0% during the deleveraging of the 1930s and again in 2008.
The difference between a recession and a deleveraging is that in a deleveraging, borrowers’ debt burdens have simply gotten too big and can’t be relieved by
lowering interest rates. Lenders realize that debts have become too large to ever be fully paid
back. Borrowers have lost their ability to repay and their collateral has lost value. They feel
crippled by the debt – they don’t even want more! Lenders stop lending. Borrowers stop borrowing. Think of the economy as being not-creditworthy, just like an individual. So what do you do about a deleveraging? The problem is debt burdens are too high and they must come down. There are four ways this can happen. One, people, businesses, and governments cut their
spending. Two, debts are reduced through defaults and restructurings. Three, wealth is
redistributed from the ‘haves’ to the ‘have nots’.4and finally, four,the central bank prints new money. These 4 ways have happened in every deleveraging in modern history. Usually, spending is cut
first. As we just saw, people, businesses, banks and even governments tighten their belts and cut their spending so that they can pay down their debt. This is often referred to as austerity. When
borrowers stop taking on new debts, and start paying down old debts, you might expect the debt burden to decrease. But the opposite happens! Because spending is cut — and one man’s
spending is another man’s income it causes incomes to fall. They fall faster than debts are repaid and the debt burden actually gets worse. As we’ve seen, this cut in spending is deflationary and painful. Businesses are forced to cut costswhich means less jobs and higher unemployment. This leads tothe next step: debts must be reduced! Many borrowers find themselves unable to repay
their loans — and a borrower’s debts are a lender’s assets. When borrowers don’t repay the bank, people get nervous that the bank won’t be able to repay them so they rush to withdraw their
money from the bank. Banks get squeezed and people, businesses and banks default on their
debts. This severe economic contraction is a depression. A big part of a depression is people
discovering much of what they thought was their wealth isn’t really there. Let’s go back to the bar. When you bought a beer and put it on a bar tab, you promised to repay the bartender.
Your promise became an asset of the bartender. But if you break your promise – if you don’t pay him back and essentially default on your bar tab – then the ‘asset’
he has isn’t really worth anything. It has basically disappeared. Many lenders don’t want their
assets to disappear and agree to debt restructuring. Debt restructuring means lenders get paid
back less or get paid back over a longer time frame or at a lower interest rate than was first
agreed.Somehow a contract is broken ina way that reduces debt. Lenders would rather have a
little of something than all of nothing. Even though debt disappears, debt restructuring causes
income and asset values to disappear faster, so the debt burden continues to gets worse.
Like cutting spending, debt reduction is also painful and deflationary. All of this impacts the
central government because lower incomes and less employment means the government
collects fewer taxes. At the same time it needs to increase its spending because unemployment has risen. Many of the unemployed have inadequate savings and need financial support from the
government. Additionally, governments create stimulus plans and increase their spending to
make up for the decrease in the economy. Governments’ budget deficits explode in a deleveraging because they spend more than they earn in taxes. This is what is happening when you hear about the budget deficit on the news.
\To fund their deficits, governments need to either raise taxes or borrow money. But with
incomes falling and so many unemployed, who is the money going to come from? The rich.
Since governments need more money and since wealth is heavily concentrated in the hands of a small percentage of the people, governments naturally raise taxes on the wealthy which facilitates a redistribution of wealth in the economy – from the ‘haves’ to the ‘have nots’. The ‘have-nots,’ who are suffering, begin to resent the wealthy ‘haves.’ The wealthy ‘haves,’ being squeezed by the weak economy, falling asset prices, higher taxes,
begin to resent the ‘have nots.’
If the depression continues social disorder can break out. Not only do tensions rise within
countries, they can rise between countries especially debtor and creditor countries. This situation can lead to political change that can sometimes be extreme.
In the 1930s, this led to Hitler coming to power, war in Europe, and depression in the United States. Pressure todo something to end the depression increases. Remember, most of what people thought was money was actually credit.
 
So, when credit disappears, people don’t have enough money. People are desperate for money and you remember who can print money? The Central Bank can.
Having already lowered its interest rates to nearly 0 it’s forced to print money. Unlike cutting
spending, debt reduction, and wealth redistribution, printing money is inflationary and
stimulative. Inevitably,the central bank prints new money out of thin air — and uses it to buy
financial assets and government bonds. It happened inthe United States during the Great Depression and again in2008, when the United States’ central bank the Federal Reserve — printed over
two trillion dollars. Other central banks around the world that could, printed a lot of money, too.
By buying financial assets with this money, it helps drive up asset prices which makes people
more creditworthy. However, this only helps those who own financial assets. You see, the central bank can print money but it can only buy financial assets.
The Central Government, on the other hand, can buy goods and services and put money in the hands of the people but it can’t print money. So, in order to stimulate the economy, the two must cooperate. By buying government bonds, the Central Bank essentially lends money to the government, allowing it to run a deficit and increase spending on goods and services through its stimulus programs and
unemployment benefits. This increases people’s income as well as the government’s debt.
However, it will lower the economy’s total debt burden. This is a very risky time. Policy makers
need to balance the four ways that debt burdens come down.
The deflationary ways need to balance with the inflationary ways in order to maintain stability. If balanced correctly, there can be a Beautiful Deleveraging.
You see, a deleveraging can be ugly or it can be beautiful. How can a deleveraging be beautiful? Even though a deleveraging is a difficult situation, handling a
difficult situation in the best possible way is beautiful. A lot more beautiful than the debt-fueled, unbalanced excesses of the leveraging phase.
Ina beautiful deleveraging, debts decline relative to income, real economic growth is positive, and inflation isn’t a problem. It is achieved by having the right balance. The right balance requires a certain mix of cutting spending, reducing debt, transferring wealth
and printing money so that economic and social stability can be maintained. People ask if printing money will raise inflation. It won’t if it offsets falling credit.
Remember, spending is what matters. A dollar of spending paid for with money has the same effect on price as a dollar of spending
paid for with credit. By printing money, the Central Bank can make up for the disappearance of credit with an increase in the amount of money. In order to turn things around, the Central Bank needs to not only pump up income growth but get the rate of income growth
higher than the rate of interest on the accumulated debt.
So, what doI mean by that? Basically, income needs to grow faster than debt grows. For example: let’s assume that a country going through a deleveraging has a debt-to-income ratio of 100%. That means that the amount of debt it has is the same as the amount of
income the entire country makes in a year.
Now think about the interest rate on that debt, let’s say it is 2%. If debt is growing at 2% because
of that interest rate and income is only growing at around only 1%, you will never reduce the
debt burden. You need to print enough money to get the rate of income growth above the rate of
interest. However, printing money can easily be abused because it’s so easy to do and people prefer it to the alternatives.
The key is to avoid printing too much money and causing unacceptably high inflation, the way Germany did during its deleveraging in the 1920’s. If policymakers achieve the right balance, a deleveraging isn’t so dramatic. Growth is slow but debt burdens go down. That’s a beautiful
deleveraging.
When incomes begin to rise, borrowers begin to appear more creditworthy. And when borrowers
appear more creditworthy, lenders begin to lend money again. Debt burdens finally begin to fall.
Able to borrow money, people can spend more. Eventually, the economy begins to grow again, leading to the reflation phase of the long term debt cycle.
Though the deleveraging process can be horrible if handled badly; if handled well, it will eventually fix the problem. It takes roughly ad
ecade or more for debt burdens to fall and economic activity to get back to normal – hence the term ‘lost decade.’
In closing
Of course, the economy is a little more complicated than this template suggests. However, laying the short term debt cycle on top of the long term debt cycle and then laying both of them on top of the productivity growth line gives a reasonably good template for seeing where we’ve been, where we are now and where we are probably headed.
So in summary, there are three rules of thumb that I’d like you to take away from this:
First: Don’t have debt rise faster than income, because your debt burdens will eventually crush
you.
Second: Don’t have income rise faster than productivity, because you will eventually become
uncompetitive.
And third: Do all that you can to raise your productivity, because, in the long run, that’s what matters most. This is simple advice for you and it’s simple advice for policy
makers. You might be surprised but most people — including most policy makers — don’t pay enough attention to this. This template has worked for me and I hope that it’ll work for you.
When incomes begin to rise, borrowers begin to appear more creditworthy. And when borrowers
appear more creditworthy, lenders begin to lend money again. Debt burdens finally begin to fall.
Able to borrow money, people can spend more. Eventually, the economy begins to grow again, leading to the reflation phase of the long term debt cycle.
Though the deleveraging process can be horrible if handled badly; if handled well, it will eventually fix the problem. It takes roughly ad
ecade or more for debt burdens to fall and economic activity to get back to normal – hence the term ‘lost decade.’
 
I think when we grow up more, we get more lonely. It is hard to open our minds to a stranger. Each person has a secret. It is fun when we can combat on voz but it is impossible to open mouth when face to face
Agree, even we're surrounded by hundreds of people, loneliness still resides deeply in our mind and heart. Without a single understanding from others, we start to doubt our value and soon retreat from the world. For Voz, I think spiritual creations: video games, songs, things alike is what still nourishing our inner-selves, we can do anything to show our color, to lead our desired life though just a fake and temporary one. In the real world, we struggle living truly and instead bend our life to others' wills just to hopelessly get recognized and loved. A place to belong to in such a lonely world.
Sadly, we want to escape the real world, neglect to have any new relationships yet long to be held in all people's minds. It's like a vicious circle that is poisoning us constantly.
 
sắp tới tôi cũng thi toiec , tôi rất lo lắng
i will have toiec exam with 4 skills ,i worry about it

câu này em viết đúng ko ạ, chỗ sắp tới viết thế nào nhỉ
 
sắp tới tôi cũng thi toiec , tôi rất lo lắng
i will have toiec exam with 4 skills ,i worry about it

câu này em viết đúng ko ạ, chỗ sắp tới viết thế nào nhỉ
You should use "be going to + V_ing" or "be + V_ing" instead of "will" to describe a near upcoming and more certain action.
 
Xin chào các thím. Mình có tổ chức giải: bài viết phân tích hay về chứng khoán mà chưa nghĩ ra tên tiếng anh nào, tiếng anh của mình cũng kém. Qua đây nhờ các thím nghĩ cho tên giải nào bằng tiếng anh hay hay một chút ạ. Mình xin cảm ơn.
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Sửa lần cuối:
Best speculator, best trader, best consultant, best shareholder
Thím thấy tên Voz - Stock Analysis được không?
edit: tên này bị chê sến. Em muốn có chữ voz nữa ạ, 4 tên kia em thấy shareholder gần nghĩa nhất đúng không ạ. Mong thím giúp em
 
Sửa lần cuối:
I just saw your topic about stocks and I feel very excited about your award. I am also a stock trader, but I think there will be very few people who have time to analyze a stock, they often trade on technical signals like me. But nonetheless, I wish you a successful organization of this contest
Dạ em cảm ơn. Hy vọng thím cũng tham gia cho xôm. Chia sẻ về phân tích kỹ thuật cũng được ạ
 

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